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PLS FOLLOW DOWN............
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http://yahushua.net/YHWH.htm
more research will come on this word
the word is similar to word Arabaic Al-la-hah,
so in arabic al has been added so al - haah is the word,
so it became in arabic allaah,
well more research will come keep on visiting ........ khilafat.tv@gmail.com
---------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010826.htm
The YHVH was, after about 300 BC, held in such high regard by Jews, in accordance with a "take no chances" interpretation of The Third Commandment to not use The Name of God in vain, that it was not spoken at all (an attitude that is quite correct if not taken to extremes that God never intended in His Command - many righteous people of Bible History did speak the Name of YHVH, to other people, as well as to YHVH Himself, without offense). The only exception was the high priest (see Levites and Aaron) on The Day Of Atonement when he entered into the Most Holy Place of the Temple (see Temples). Also, whenever YHVH occurred in the Scriptures, they pronounced it, as is still done today, "Adonai" (i.e. "Lord"), thus replacing the YHVH with Adonai.
Copyright © 1996 by Phillip R. Johnson. All rights reserved.
ehovah's Witnesses are well-known for their denial of the deity of Christ. According to their theology, Jesus was an incarnation of the supreme archangel, not God in human flesh.
The historical name for this teaching is Arianism. Arius was a fourth-century heretic whose doctrine was opposed by Athanasius and condemned at the council of Nicea in 325. Arius's doctrine of the Incarnation was virtually identical to that of modern-day Jehovah's Witnesses. Arius even used many of the same arguments JWs employ today. Athanasius brilliantly responded to Arius and exposed his distortions of Scripture. Athanasius's work entitled On the Incarnation stands as an effective reply to the Jehovah's witnesses.
But for the moment let's ignore the writings of Athanasius, the documents of the Nicene Council, and every other historical and theological source except Scripture itself. Is it possible to demonstrate conclusively from the Bible alone that Jesus Christ is set forth in Scripture as God? I believe it is. And I am convinced that those who reject Christ's deity must therefore also reject the plain meaning of the Word of God.
At least eight lines of argument combine to make the biblical case for the deity of Christ:
We need only sample a few key passages to make the point:
Psalm 2 is a Messianic Psalm and was recognized as such by Jewish scholars centuries before Christ. In Acts 13:33, Paul affirms that this psalm has a Messianic meaning. The psalm closes with these verses, "Worship [Jehovah] with reverence, And rejoice with trembling. Do homage to the Son, lest He become angry, and you perish in the way, For His wrath may soon be kindled. How blessed are all who take refuge in Him!" (vv. 11- 12).
There the phrases "Worship [Jehovah] with reverence" and "Do homage to the Son" are parallel. And as is typical in Hebrew poetic parallelism, this means the two phrases are logical equivalents. Worship [Jehovah]" means "do homage to the Son." Moreover, this psalm presents the Son as Someone in whom believers can take refuge—a Savior who is God's own Son, identical in character and rank with God the Father.
Psalm 110 is identified as a Messianic Psalm by the writer of Hebrews (Heb. 5:6; 7:17). Here David calls Him Lord: "The LORD says to my Lord: "Sit at My right hand, Until I make Thine enemies a footstool for Thy feet" (v.1). Jesus Himself quoted this verse in Matthew 22:43-45 to demonstrate that He existed before David and was superior to any earthly king.
THE ORIGINAL DEBATE QUESTION AND ANSWER I M PUBLISHING HERE
BY
IMAM HUSSAIN MAKKI
dear SAN defeated a muslim debator regarding the name of GOD as yehova. and proved quran is not the word of god as yehova is no where mentioned, how will you defend it
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Sameer Sk
Sakshi Apologetics Network(JUNE 25, 2012)
Sakshi Apologetics Network(JUNE 25, 2012)
"Jehovah" is one of the English renderings of the Hebrew YHVH (illustrated below, note that Hebrew reads right to left), a Name of God revealed to the early Hebrews. Since the original word was recorded in The Bible without vowels, no one is completely certain as to its correct pronunciation - the e, o and a of JeHoVaH were added much later in an effort by some translators to propose their idea of the pronunciation, with the y also changed to a j sound.
The YHVH was, after about 300 BC, held in such high regard by Jews, in accordance with a "take no chances" interpretation of The Third Commandment to not use The Name of God in vain, that it was not spoken at all (an attitude that is quite correct if not taken to extremes that God never intended in His Command - many righteous people of Bible History did speak the Name of YHVH, to other people, as well as to YHVH Himself, without offense). The only exception was the high priest (see Levites and Aaron) on The Day Of Atonement when he entered into the Most Holy Place of the Temple (see Temples). Also, whenever YHVH occurred in the Scriptures, they pronounced it, as is still done today, "Adonai" (i.e. "Lord"), thus replacing the YHVH with Adonai.
This practice was carried over into The Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures of the Old Testament which was done by Greek-speaking Hebrew scholars) where the YHVH was translated as the Greek word Kurios i.e. Lord. This was further carried into modern times where English-language Bibles now commonly translate the YHVH as all-capitals LORD. One of the major exceptions was the American Standard Version (ASV) of 1901 that uses "Jehovah" when translating the YHVH.
The YHVH was, after about 300 BC, held in such high regard by Jews, in accordance with a "take no chances" interpretation of The Third Commandment to not use The Name of God in vain, that it was not spoken at all (an attitude that is quite correct if not taken to extremes that God never intended in His Command - many righteous people of Bible History did speak the Name of YHVH, to other people, as well as to YHVH Himself, without offense). The only exception was the high priest (see Levites and Aaron) on The Day Of Atonement when he entered into the Most Holy Place of the Temple (see Temples). Also, whenever YHVH occurred in the Scriptures, they pronounced it, as is still done today, "Adonai" (i.e. "Lord"), thus replacing the YHVH with Adonai.
This practice was carried over into The Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures of the Old Testament which was done by Greek-speaking Hebrew scholars) where the YHVH was translated as the Greek word Kurios i.e. Lord. This was further carried into modern times where English-language Bibles now commonly translate the YHVH as all-capitals LORD. One of the major exceptions was the American Standard Version (ASV) of 1901 that uses "Jehovah" when translating the YHVH.
PLS FOLLOW DOWN............
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Below is the name of the Almighty written in
Hebrew. It seems to be an accepted fact that the correct pronunciation of His
name is “Yahweh”. This is apparently so because “most scholars” say that this
pronunciation is correct. But what are the facts?
Do We Really Know the Pronunciation?
Biblical Hebrew is a difficult subject for most of us. We therefore usually rely on research done by others, and trust that their conclusions are correct. When something is controversial, like the origin of the heavenly Father's name, most of us usually accept the conclusion of those scholars who are in the majority, without actually checking out their research for ourselves. Why is this? The reason seems to be that people are intimidated by the technical nature of ancient Hebrew. But, does this need to be the case? Let’s take a look at the facts surrounding the Heavenly Father’s Name…Proverbs 25:2 It is the honor of the Almighty to conceal a thing; But the honor of kings is to search out a matter.
In Strong's Concordance, it states that
(YHWH), Hebrew 3068, comes from
the verb root 
(hayah), Hebrew 1961 [the verb “to be”]. That is impossible however, since the
tetragrammaton would then be spelled *
*(yhyh) instead of
(YHWH).
[*third person masculine singular imperfect form]
(YHWH), Hebrew 3068, comes from
the verb root
(hayah), Hebrew 1961 [the verb “to be”]. That is impossible however, since the
tetragrammaton would then be spelled * *(yhyh) instead of
(YHWH).
[*third person masculine singular imperfect form]
The Theological Word Book of the Old
Testament (word #484) says that 
(hawah) is the older form of this verb root. In the same
article, it says, "An alternative of the pronunciation of the tetragrammaton
should be mentioned. Actually, there is a problem with the pronunciation
"Yahweh." It is a strange combination of old and late elements. The first
extra-biblical occurrence of the name is in the Moabite Stone of about 850
b.c. At that time, vowel letters were just beginning to be used in Hebrew. If
(YHWH) represents a spelling earlier than 900 b.c. (as would seem
most likely), the final 
(h) would have been
pronounced.”
(hawah) is the older form of this verb root. In the same
article, it says, "An alternative of the pronunciation of the tetragrammaton
should be mentioned. Actually, there is a problem with the pronunciation
"Yahweh." It is a strange combination of old and late elements. The first
extra-biblical occurrence of the name is in the Moabite Stone of about 850
b.c. At that time, vowel letters were just beginning to be used in Hebrew. If
(YHWH) represents a spelling earlier than 900 b.c. (as would seem
most likely), the final (h) would have been
pronounced.”
The
pronunciation Yahweh indeed comes from the verb root
(hawah), but this is not the most ancient form of
the verb “to be”. Prior to this, the verb was spelled 
(hwy). This root also would be impossible for the
tetragrammaton, since it would give a spelling of 
(yhwy) instead of (YHWH).
(hawah), but this is not the most ancient form of
the verb “to be”. Prior to this, the verb was spelled (hwy). This root also would be impossible for the
tetragrammaton, since it would give a spelling of (yhwy) instead of (YHWH).
In the "Biblical Archaeology Review" of Sept - Oct
'94, Anson F. Rainey, a professor of Semitic linguistics at Tel Aviv
University, confirms this. He states, “A form like yahweh developed
from yahwiyu []” (editor's note: Yahwiyu is a
hypothetical pronunciation).
]” (editor's note: Yahwiyu is a
hypothetical pronunciation).
It can be seen that Anson Rainey shows, by
implication, that the Hebrew spelling of the tetragrammaton was originally
different than it is at present. This however, would not be in line with the
statement found at Exodus 3:15. Here, says...
says...
"this
[]
is my name for ever, and this is my memorial unto all generations."
]
is my name for ever, and this is my memorial unto all generations."
In the book, “A Grammar for Biblical Hebrew” by
C.L. Seow, it states that nouns with an “eh” ending originally ended with a
(w) or a (y). Since we do not believe that the name of the Almighty has
changed in spelling or pronunciation, we do not believe that his name can have
the pronunciation of yahweh. In other words, even though words in the Hebrew
language have changed or evolved, we do not believe that this is true of the
Heavenly Father's name. Also, even if it were possible for the spelling of the
tetragrammaton to have changed, the pronunciation still would not have
originally been yahweh.
Another excerpt from the Theological Word Book of
the Old Testament, under #484, says: “The "w" of Yahweh, represents a
pre-mosaic pronunciation but the final “eh” represents probably a post-davidic
form. In view of these problems it may be best simply to say that (YHWH) does not come from the
verb (hawah)
(presumably
hawaya in its early form) at all. There are many places in the OT where it is
now recognized that the parallel of a name and its meaning is not necessarily
etymological. For instance, 1st Samuel 1:20 probably does not mean that the
name Samuel is derived from the verb 'shama' "to hear." Genesis 11:9
does not mean that Babel comes from the verb babel "confusion" but only
that the two words sound something alike. Likewise Jacob is said to mean both
"heel" (Gen 25:26) and "supplanter" (Gen 27:36). There are many other examples
of this device which is to be taken as paronomasia, a play on words, rather
than an etymology. Therefore, we may well hold that YHWH does not come from
the verb hawa which is cited in the first person 'ehyeh' "I will
be, "but is an old word of unknown origin which sounded something like what
the verb hawa sounded in Moses' day. In this case
we do not know what the pronunciation was; we can only speculate.
However, if the word were spelled with four letters in Moses' day, we would
expect it to have had more than two syllables, for at that period
there were no vowel letters [written]. All letters were sounded". [including
the final
(h), whereas the final “h” in the pronunciation
“Yahweh” is silent, meaning that it is used as a vowel]
(YHWH) does not come from the
verb (hawah)
(presumably
hawaya in its early form) at all. There are many places in the OT where it is
now recognized that the parallel of a name and its meaning is not necessarily
etymological. For instance, 1st Samuel 1:20 probably does not mean that the
name Samuel is derived from the verb 'shama' "to hear." Genesis 11:9
does not mean that Babel comes from the verb babel "confusion" but only
that the two words sound something alike. Likewise Jacob is said to mean both
"heel" (Gen 25:26) and "supplanter" (Gen 27:36). There are many other examples
of this device which is to be taken as paronomasia, a play on words, rather
than an etymology. Therefore, we may well hold that YHWH does not come from
the verb hawa which is cited in the first person 'ehyeh' "I will
be, "but is an old word of unknown origin which sounded something like what
the verb hawa sounded in Moses' day. In this case
we do not know what the pronunciation was; we can only speculate.
However, if the word were spelled with four letters in Moses' day, we would
expect it to have had more than two syllables, for at that period
there were no vowel letters [written]. All letters were sounded". [including
the final
(h), whereas the final “h” in the pronunciation
“Yahweh” is silent, meaning that it is used as a vowel]
So what about the
pronunciation Yahweh?
In our search for truth, we do not want to leave
any stone unturned. The following information is something that needs to be
prayerfully considered.
In Roman mythology, the idol "Jupiter" is the same
as the idol "Zeus" in Greek mythology. According to Latin grammar, Jove is the
ablative case of Jupiter. In Classical Latin, the pronunciation of Jove (Iove)
is Y-A-W-E, with the “j” (i) sounding like a “y”, the “o” being a short sound
[like the “o” in “Bob”] the “v” sounds like a “w”, and the “e” sounds like
“eh”. These sounds can be verified at the following
sites:
The Oxford Latin Dictionary, under the heading
"Iuppiter" [Jupiter] shows that it originates from dieu = god, pater = father
with other Latin forms dies, deus [Greek “Zeus”]. This
dictionary spells Jove as 4 vowels "Ioue", which is reminiscent of
Josephus' claim of the tetragrammaton being 4 vowels [supposedly Iaue].
The following is taken from an article entitled,
"Paradox of the Anonymous Name" by Gérard GERTOUX, a Hebrew scholar in France,
a specialist of the Tetragram; He has been president of the Association
Biblique de Recherche d'Anciens Manuscrits since 1991...
Flavius Josephus, who understood the priesthood of this time
very well, made it clear that at the time the Romans attacked the Temple,
the Jews called upon the fear-inspiring name of [Elohim] (The Jewish War
V:438). He wrote he had no right to reveal this name to his reader
(Jewish Antiquities II:275), however he did give information of
primary importance on the very pronunciation he wanted to conceal. However,
in his work The Jewish War V:235 he stated: «The high priest had
his head dressed with a tiara of fine linen embroidered with a purple
border, and surrounded by another crown in gold which had in relief the
sacred letters; these ones are four vowels» This description is
excellent; moreover, it completes the one found in Exodus 28:36-39. However,
as we know, there are no vowels in Hebrew, but only consonants. Regrettably,
instead of explaining this apparent abnormality, certain commentators
(influenced by the form Yahweh) mislead the readers of Josephus by
indicating in a note, that this reading was IAUE. Now, it is obvious that
the ‘sacred letters’ indicated the Tetragram written in paleo-Hebrew, not
Greek. Furthermore, in Hebrew these consonants Y, W, H, do serve as vowels;
they are in fact called ‘mothers of reading’ (matres lectionis). The
writings of Qumrân show that in the first century Y used as vowel served
only to indicate the sounds I and É, W served only for the sounds Ô and U,
and a final H served for the sound A. These equivalences may be verified in
thousands of words. Additionally, the H was used as a vowel only at the
end of words, never within them. So, to read the name YHWH as four
vowels would be IHUA that is IEUA, because between two vowels, the H is
heard as a slight
E.
The preceding was taken from an article
entitled "Paradox of the Anonymous Name", located at:
A translation of the Bible called, "The Word
of Yahweh" (first edition), from the Assembly of Yahweh, in Eaton Rapids,
Michigan, has the following footnote. It is found on page 1106 and is a
footnote for Acts 14:12. It is footnote #81 and is for the word "Jupiter". It
reads as follows:
The Greek text has Zeus here. Some English translations say
Jupiter, which is Latin. The Aramaic text says, "Mariah Elaha"! It is
interesting to note that "Jove" is another name for Jupiter, and would be
written "IOUE" [Latin], which is close to “IAUE” [Greek]. Josephus, a
historian of Yahshua's time, said that the name of our Heavenly Father is
written as four vowels: "IAUE"!
So, what we have established thus far, is the fact that the original
pronunciation of the Heavenly Father was probably not "yawe or yaway", whereas
the pronunciation of "Jove", the idol of the Romans, was very likely
pronounced "yawe or yaway". We need to prayerfully ask for wisdom concerning
this matter.
What is the Correct
Pronunciation?
If the name
is not from the verb root (hawah), how should it then be
pronounced? It is a fact that anciently, each of the 4 letters of the
Tetragrammaton would have been pronounced as consonants, with the final (hei) being sharply audible (Weingreen, author of, “A
Practical Grammar for Classical Hebrew”).
is not from the verb root (hawah), how should it then be
pronounced? It is a fact that anciently, each of the 4 letters of the
Tetragrammaton would have been pronounced as consonants, with the final (hei) being sharply audible (Weingreen, author of, “A
Practical Grammar for Classical Hebrew”).
The question is, what vowels accompanied these 4 consonants? It says in
Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, Page 35, Section 7:1, "The original vowels in Hebrew
[understood, not written], as in the other Semitic tongues, are a, i, u. [The
vowels] e and o always arise from an obscuring or contraction of these three
pure sounds."
Therefore, since the name YHWH is the most ancient of all names, it
seems unlikely that it would contain either of the vowel sounds 'e' or
'o'.
It also shows in biblical Hebrew Grammar books that gutturals (such as
) have a preference for an “ah” vowel before them, and
sometimes after them (see: A Grammar for Biblical Hebrew p.280). There is
strong evidence for “Yah” at the beginning of . The form 
(YaHU) is often found at both the beginning and ending
of many ancient personal names in Hebrew. The pronunciation YaHuWaH is a
definite possibility. The only way to be sure however,
will be for Almighty Himself to
reveal it. We hope that you will commit this matter to serious
prayer.
) have a preference for an “ah” vowel before them, and
sometimes after them (see: A Grammar for Biblical Hebrew p.280). There is
strong evidence for “Yah” at the beginning of . The form (YaHU) is often found at both the beginning and ending
of many ancient personal names in Hebrew. The pronunciation YaHuWaH is a
definite possibility. The only way to be sure however,
will be for Almighty Himself to
reveal it. We hope that you will commit this matter to serious
prayer.
In conclusion, let us keep in mind, that however we pronounce the
tetragrammaton, the most important thing for us to do, is to show that we love
YHWH by keeping his commandments:
Psalm 111:10 The fear of YHWH is
the beginning of wisdom: a good understanding have all they that do his
commandments: his praise endureth for ever.
Study compiled by
YermeYah
Last updated: 4th day, 2nd month,
2007
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------more research will come on this word
the word is similar to word Arabaic Al-la-hah,
so in arabic al has been added so al - haah is the word,
so it became in arabic allaah,
well more research will come keep on visiting ........ khilafat.tv@gmail.com
---------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010826.htm
Jehovah
by Wayne Blank
"Jehovah" is one of the English renderings of the Hebrew YHVH (illustrated below, note that Hebrew reads right to left), a Name of God revealed to the early Hebrews. Since the original word was recorded in The Bible without vowels, no one is completely certain as to its correct pronunciation - the e, o and a ofJeHoVaH were added much later in an effort by some translators to propose their idea of the pronunciation, with the y also changed to a j sound.The YHVH was, after about 300 BC, held in such high regard by Jews, in accordance with a "take no chances" interpretation of The Third Commandment to not use The Name of God in vain, that it was not spoken at all (an attitude that is quite correct if not taken to extremes that God never intended in His Command - many righteous people of Bible History did speak the Name of YHVH, to other people, as well as to YHVH Himself, without offense). The only exception was the high priest (see Levites and Aaron) on The Day Of Atonement when he entered into the Most Holy Place of the Temple (see Temples). Also, whenever YHVH occurred in the Scriptures, they pronounced it, as is still done today, "Adonai" (i.e. "Lord"), thus replacing the YHVH with Adonai.
This practice was carried over into The Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures of the Old Testament which was done by Greek-speaking Hebrew scholars) where the YHVH was translated as the Greek word Kurios i.e. Lord. This was further carried into modern times where English-language Bibles now commonly translate the YHVH as all-capitals LORD. One of the major exceptions was the American Standard Version (ASV) of 1901 that uses "Jehovah" when translating the YHVH.
Abraham and Jehovah
Although Jesus Christ plainly, and authoritatively, stated, centuries after Abraham, that no man has seen God (The Father i.e. John 1:18), a number of people of the Old Testament (including Jacob, Moses, Hagar and seventy of the elders of Israel) did see, and speak with, and even eat with, YHVH, or Jehovah. Examples involving Abraham, from the American Standard Version:
It was Jehovah who made the Covenant with Abraham:
"And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, Jehovah appeared to Abram, and said unto him, I am God Almighty; walk before Me, and be thou perfect. And I will make My covenant between Me and thee, and will multiply thee exceedingly. And Abram fell on his face: and God talked with him, saying, As for Me, behold, My covenant is with thee, and thou shalt be the father of a multitude of nations. Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for the father of a multitude of nations have I made thee. And I will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I will make nations of thee, and kings shall come out of thee. And I will establish My covenant between Me and thee and thy seed after thee throughout their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee and to thy seed after thee. And I will give unto thee, and to thy seed after thee, the land of thy sojournings, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession; and I will be their God." (Genesis 17:1-8 ASV)
It was Jehovah who ate with Abraham:
"And Jehovah appeared unto him by the oaks of Mamre, as he sat in the tent door in the heat of the day; and he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men [i.e. Jehovah and two angels - see verse below] stood over against him: and when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed himself to the earth, and said, My Lord, if now I have found favor in Thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from Thy servant: let now a little water be fetched, and wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree: and I will fetch a morsel of bread, and strengthen Ye Your heart; after that Ye shall pass on: forasmuch as Ye are come to Your servant. And they said, So do, as thou hast said. And Abraham hastened into the tent unto Sarah, and said, Make ready quickly three measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes. And Abraham ran unto the herd, and fetched a calf tender and good, and gave it unto the servant; and he hasted to dress it. And he took butter, and milk, and the calf which he had dressed, and set it before them; and he stood by them under the tree, and they did eat." (Genesis 18:1-8 ASV)
It was Jehovah that Abraham bargained with to save any righteous people found in Sodom, and it was Jehovah that destroyed Sodom:
"And the men [i.e. the two angels] turned from thence, and went toward Sodom: but Abraham stood yet before Jehovah. And Abraham drew near, and said, Wilt Thou consume the righteous with the wicked? Peradventure there are fifty righteous within the city: wilt Thou consume and not spare the place for the fifty righteous that are therein? ... And the two angels came to Sodom at even ... The sun was risen upon the earth when Lot came unto Zoar. Then Jehovah rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire from Jehovah out of heaven; and he overthrew those cities, and all the Plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew upon the ground." (Genesis 18:22-24, 19:1,23-25 ASV)
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It depends on what version : the King James uses it 4 times (Ex 6:3, Ps 83:18, Isa 12:2 & 26:4), while at the other extreme the MKJV (Modern King James Version) uses it 5838 times ( because instead of translating the Hebrew word YHWH 'God' as in KJ, it is instead translated 'Jehovah God" as in MKJV. )
This is the authoritative Web site about the beliefs, teachings, and activities of Jehovah's Witnesses. The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. is a legal organization in use by Jehovah's Witnesses.
Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_many_time_is_the_word_Jehovah_mentioned_in_the_Bible#ixzz1yXbyubK7
This is the authoritative Web site about the beliefs, teachings, and activities of Jehovah's Witnesses. The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. is a legal organization in use by Jehovah's Witnesses.
Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_many_time_is_the_word_Jehovah_mentioned_in_the_Bible#ixzz1yXbyubK7
---------------------------------------
Jehovah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the word Jehovah. For the deity, see God in Abrahamic religions. For other uses, see Jehovah (disambiguation).
See also: Tetragrammaton and Yahweh
Jehovah (
/dʒɨˈhoʊvə/) is the romanization of Hebrew יְהֹוָה, a vocalization of theTetragrammaton יהוה (YHWH, also transcribed Yahweh), the proper name of the god of Israel in the Hebrew Bible.[1]
/dʒɨˈhoʊvə/) is the romanization of Hebrew יְהֹוָה, a vocalization of theTetragrammaton יהוה (YHWH, also transcribed Yahweh), the proper name of the god of Israel in the Hebrew Bible.[1]
יְהֹוָה appears 6,518 times in the traditional Masoretic Text, in addition to 305 instances ofיֱהֹוִה (Jehovih).[2] The earliest available Latin text to use a vocalization similar to Jehovahdates from the 13th century.[3]
Most scholars believe "Jehovah" to be a late (ca. 1100 CE) hybrid form derived by combining the Latin letters JHVH with the vowels of Adonai, but there is some evidence that it may already have been in use in Late Antiquity (5th century).[4][5] It was not the historical vocalization of the Tetragrammaton at the time of the redaction of the Pentateuch (6th century BCE), at which time the most likely vocalization was Yahweh. The historical vocalization was lost because in Second Temple Judaism, during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton came to be avoided, being substituted with Adonai "my Lord".
Contents[hide] |
Pronunciation
Most scholars believe "Jehovah" to be a late (ca. 1100 CE) hybrid form derived by combining the Latin letters JHVH with the vowels of Adonai, but some hold there is evidence that theJehovah form of the Tetragrammaton may have been in use in Semitic and Greek phonetic texts and artifacts from Late Antiquity.[4][5] Others say that it is the pronunciation Yahwehthat is testified in both Christian and pagan texts of the early Christian era.[4][7][8][9][10]
Karaite Jews,[11] as proponents of the rendering Jehovah, state that although the original pronunciation of יהוה has been obscured by disuse of the spoken name according to oral Rabbinic law, well-established English transliterations of other Hebrew personal names are accepted in normal usage, such as Joshua, Isaiah or Jesus, for which the original pronunciations may be unknown.[11] They also point out that "the English form Jehovah is quite simply an Anglicized form of Yehovah,"[11] and preserves the four Hebrew consonants "YHVH" (with the introduction of the "J" sound in English).[11][12][13] Some argue thatJehovah is preferable to Yahweh, based on their conclusion that the Tetragrammaton was likely tri-syllabic originally, and that modern forms should therefore also have three syllables.[14]
According to a Jewish tradition developed during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the Tetragrammaton is written but not pronounced. When read, substitute terms replace the divine name where יְהֹוָה appears in the text. It is widely assumed, as proposed by the 19th-century Hebrew scholar Gesenius, that the vowels of the substitutes of the name—Adonai (Lord) and Elohim (God)—were inserted by the Masoretes to indicate that these substitutes were to be used.[15] When יהוה precedes or follows Adonai, the Masoretes placed the vowel points of Elohim into the Tetragrammaton, producing a different vocalization of the Tetragrammaton יֱהֹוִה, which was read asElohim.[16] Based on this reasoning, the form יְהֹוָה (Jehovah) has been characterized by some as a "hybrid form",[4][17] and even "a philological impossibility".[18]
Early modern translators disregarded the practice of reading Adonai (or its equivalents in Greek and Latin, Κύριος and Dominus)[19] in place of the Tetragrammaton and instead combined the four Hebrew letters of the Tetragrammaton with the vowel points that, except in synagogue scrolls, accompanied them, resulting in the form Jehovah.[20] This form, which first took effect in works dated 1278 and 1303, was adopted in Tyndale's and some other Protestant translations of the Bible.[21] In the 1611 King James Version, Jehovahoccurred seven times.[22] In the 1901 American Standard Version the form "Je-ho’vah" became the regular English rendering of the Hebrew יהוה, all throughout, in preference to the previously dominant "the LORD", which is generally used in the King James Version.[23]It is also used in Christian hymns such as the 1771 hymn, "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah".[24]
Development
The most widespread theory is that the Hebrew term יְהֹוָה has the vowel points of אֲדֹנָי (adonai). Using the vowels of adonai, the composite hataf patah ֲ under the guttural alef א becomes a sheva ְ under the yod י, the holam ֹ is placed over the first he ה, and theqamats ָ is placed under the vav ו, giving יְהֹוָה (Jehovah). When the two names, יהוה and אדני, occur together, the former is pointed with a hataf segol ֱ under the yod י and a hiriq ִ under the second he ה, giving יֱהֹוִה, to indicate that it is to be read as (elohim) in order to avoid adonai being repeated.[25]
The pronunciation Jehovah is believed to have arisen through the introduction of vowels of theqere—the marginal notation used by the Masoretes. In places where the consonants of the text to be read (the qere) differed from the consonants of the written text (the kethib), they wrote the qere in the margin to indicate the desired reading.[citation needed] In such cases, thekethib was read using the vowels of the qere. For a few very frequent words the marginal note was omitted, referred to as q're perpetuum.[18] One of these frequent cases was God's name, which was not to be pronounced in fear of profaning the "ineffable name". Instead, wherever יהוה (YHWH) appears in the kethib of the biblical and liturgical books, it was to be read as אֲדֹנָי (adonai, "My Lord [plural of majesty]"), or as אֱלֹהִים (elohim, "God") if adonaiappears next to it.[citation needed] This combination produces יְהֹוָה (yehovah) and יֱהֹוִה(yehovih) respectively.[citation needed] יהוה is also written ’ה, or even ’ד, and read ha-Shem("the name").[25]
Scholars are not in total agreement as to why יְהֹוָה does not have precisely the same vowel points as adonai.[citation needed] The use of the composite hataf segol ֱ in cases where the name is to be read, "elohim", has led to the opinion that the composite hataf patah ֲ ought to have been used to indicate the reading, "adonai". It has been argued conversely that the disuse of the patah is consistent with the Babylonian system, in which the composite is uncommon.[25]
Vowel points of יְהֹוָה and אֲדֹנָי
The table below shows the vowel points of Yehovah and Adonay, indicating the simple shevain Yehovah in contrast to the hataf patah in Adonay. As indicated to the right, the vowel points used when YHWH is intended to be pronounced as Adonai are slightly different to those used in Adonai itself.
| Hebrew (Strong's #3068) YEHOVAH יְהֹוָה | Hebrew (Strong's #136) ADONAY אֲדֹנָי | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| י | Yod | Y | א | Aleph | glottal stop |
| ְ | Simple sheva | E | ֲ | Hataf patah | A |
| ה | He | H | ד | Dalet | D |
| ֹ | Holam | O | ֹ | Holam | O |
| ו | Vav | V | נ | Nun | N |
| ָ | Qamats | A | ָ | Qamats | A |
| ה | He | H | י | Yod | Y |
The difference between the vowel points of ’ǎdônây and YHWH is explained by the rules of Hebrew morphology and phonetics. Sheva and hataf-patah were allophones of the samephoneme used in different situations: hataf-patah on glottal consonants including aleph (such as the first letter in Adonai), and simple sheva on other consonants (such as the Y inYHWH).[26]
Introduction into English
The Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon suggested that the pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520 when it was introduced by Galatinus, who defended its use.
In English it appeared in William Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch ("The Five Books of Moses"),[27] published in 1530 in Germany, where Tyndale had studied since 1524, possibly in one or more of the universities at Wittenberg, Worms and Marburg, where Hebrew was taught.[28] The spelling used by Tyndale was "Iehouah"; at that time, I was not distinguished from J, and U was not distinguished from V.[29] The original 1611 printing of the Authorized King James Version used "Iehovah". Tyndale wrote about the divine name: "IEHOUAH [Jehovah], is God's name; neither is any creature so called; and it is as much to say as, One that is of himself, and dependeth of nothing. Moreover, as oft as thou seest LORD in great letters (except there be any error in the printing), it is in Hebrew Iehouah, Thou that art; or, He that is."[30] The name is also found in a 1651 edition Ramón Martí's Pugio fidei.[31]
The name Jehovah appeared in all early Protestant Bibles in English, except Coverdale's translation in 1535.[32] The Roman Catholic Douay-Rheims Bible used "the Lord", corresponding to the Latin Vulgate's use of "Dominus" (Latin for "Adonai", "Lord") to represent the Tetragrammaton. The Authorized King James Bible also, which used Jehovahin a few places, most frequently gave "the LORD" as the equivalent of the Tetragammaton. The name Jehovah appeared in John Rogers' Matthew Bible in 1537, the Great Bible of 1539, the Geneva Bible of 1560, Bishop's Bible of 1568 and the King James Version of 1611. More recently, it has been used in the Revised Version of 1885, the American Standard Version in 1901, and the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures of the Jehovah's Witnesses in 1961.
At Exodus 6:3-6, where the King James Version has Jehovah, the Revised Standard Version (1952),[33] the New American Standard Bible (1971), the New International Version(1978), the New King James Version (1982), the New Revised Standard Version (1989), theNew Century Version (1991), and the Contemporary English Version (1995) give "LORD" or "Lord" as their rendering of the Tetragrammaton, while the New Jerusalem Bible (1985), the Amplified Bible (1987), the New Living Translation (1996, revised 2007), the English Standard Version (2001), and the Holman Christian Standard Bible (2004) use the formYahweh.
Hebrew vowel points
Modern guides to biblical Hebrew grammar, such as Duane A Garrett's A Modern Grammar for Classical Hebrew[34] state that the Hebrew vowel points now found in printed Hebrew Bibles were invented in the second half of the first millennium AD, long after the texts were written. This is indicated in the authoritative Hebrew Grammar of Gesenius,[35] and in encyclopedias such as the Jewish Encyclopedia,[36] the Encyclopædia Britannica,[37] and Godwin's Cabalistic Encyclopedia,[38] and is acknowledged even by those who claim that guides to Hebrew are perpetuating "scholarly myths".[39]
"Jehovist" scholars, who believe /dʒəˈhoʊvə/ to be the original pronunciation of the divine name, argue that the Hebraic vowel-points and accents were known to writers of the scriptures in antiquity and that both Scripture and history argue in favor of their ab origine[40]status to the Hebrew language. Some members of Karaite Judaism, such as Nehemia Gordon, hold this view.[11] The antiquity of the vowel points and of the rendering Jehovah was defended by various scholars, including Michaelis,[41] Drach,[41] Stier,[41] William Fulke(1583), Johannes Buxtorf,[42] his son Johannes Buxtorf II,[43] and John Owen [44] (17th century); Peter Whitfield[45][46] and John Gill[47](18th century); John Moncrieff [48] (19th century); and more recently by Thomas D. Ross,[49] G. A. Riplinger,[50] John Hinton,[51] and Thomas M. Strouse (21st century).[52]
Jehovist writers such as Nehemia Gordon, who helped translate the "Dead Sea Scrolls", have acknowledged the general agreement among scholars that the original pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton was Yahweh, and that the vowel points now attached to the Tetragrammaton were added to indicate that Adonai was to be read instead, as seen in the alteration of those points after prefixes. He wrote: "There is a virtual scholarly consensus concerning this name" and "this is presented as fact in every introduction to Biblical Hebrew and every scholarly discussion of the name."[53] Gordon, disputing this consensus, wrote, "However, this consensus is not based on decisive proof. We have seen that the scholarly consensus concerning Yahweh is really just a wild guess," and went on to say that the vowel points of Adonai are not correct.[54] He argued that "the name is really pronounced Ye-ho-vah with the emphasis on 'vah'. Pronouncing the name Yehovah with the emphasis on 'ho' (as in English Jehovah) would quite simply be a mistake."[55]
Proponents of pre-Christian origin
18th-century theologian John Gill puts forward the arguments of 17th-century Johannes Buxtorf II and others in his writing, A Dissertation Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowel-Points and Accents.[56] He argued for an extreme antiquity of their use,[57] rejecting the idea that the vowel points were invented by the Masoretes. Gill presented writings, including passages of scripture, that he interpreted as supportive of his "Jehovist" viewpoint that the Old Testament must have included vowel-points and accents.[58] He claimed that the use of Hebrew vowel points of יְהֹוָה, and therefore of the name Jehovah (/jəˈhoʊvə/), is documented from before 200 BCE, and even back to Adam, citing Jewish tradition that Hebrew was the first language. He argued that throughout this history the Masoretes did not invent the vowel points and accents, but that they were delivered to Moses by God at Sinai, citing[59] Karaite authorities[60][61] Mordechai ben Nisan Kukizov (1699) and his associates, who stated that "all our wise men with one mouth affirm and profess that the whole law was pointed and accented, as it came out of the hands of Moses, the man of God."[41] The argument between Karaite and Rabbinic Judaism on whether it was lawful to pronounce the name represented by the Tetragrammaton[59] is claimed to show that some copies have always been pointed (voweled)[51] and that some copies were not pointed with the vowels because of "oral law", for control of interpretation by some Judeo sects, including non-pointed copies in synagogues.[62]Gill claimed that the pronunciation /jəˈhoʊvə/ can be traced back to early historical sources which indicate that vowel points and/or accents were used in their time.[63] Sources Gill claimed supported his view include:
- The Book of Cosri and commentator Rabbi Judab Muscatus, which claim that the vowel points were taught to Adam by God.[64]
- Saadiah Gaon (927 AD)[65]
- Jerome (380 AD)[66]
- Origen (250 AD)[67]
- The Zohar (120 AD)[68]
- Jesus Christ (31 AD), based on Gill's interpretation of Matthew 5:18[69]
- Hillel the Elder and Shammai division (30 BC)[70]
- Karaites (120 BCE)[59]
- Demetrius Phalereus, librarian for Ptolemy II Philadelphus king of Egypt (277 BCE)[71]
Gill quoted Elia Levita, who said, "There is no syllable without a point, and there is no word without an accent," as showing that the vowel points and the accents found in printed Hebrew Bibles have a dependence on each other, and so Gill attributed the same antiquity to the accents as to the vowel points.[72] Gill acknowledged that Levita, "first asserted the vowel points were invented by "the men of Tiberias", but made reference to his condition that "if anyone could convince him that his opinion was contrary to the book of Zohar, he should be content to have it rejected." Gill then alludes to the book of Zohar, stating that rabbis declared it older than the Masoretes, and that it attests to the vowel-points and accents.[68]
William Fulke, John Gill, John Owen, and others held that Jesus Christ referred to a Hebrew vowel point or accent at Matthew 5:18, indicated in the King James Version by the word tittle.[73][74][75][76] Fulke argued that the words of this verse, spoken in Hebrew, buttransliterated into Greek in the New testament, are proof that these marks were applied to the Torah at that time.[77][78] John Lightfoot(1602–1675) claimed the Hebrew vowel points were of the Holy Spirit's invention, not of the Tiberians', characterizing the latter as "lost, blinded, besotted men."[79]
In Peter Whitfield's A Dissertation on the Hebrew Vowel-Points,[45][46] the author examined the positions of Levita and Capellus, giving many biblical examples to refute their notion of the novelty of vowel points. In his introduction, he claimed that the Roman Catholic Church favored Levita's position because it allowed the priests to have the final say in interpretation. The lack of authoritative vowel points in the Hebrew Old Testament, he said, leaves the meaning of many words to the interpreter. Citing the meaning of the Hebrewword for "Masoretes"—māsar, which means "to hand over", "to transmit"[80]—, Whitfield gave 10 reasons for holding that the Hebrew vowel points and accents have to be used for Hebrew to be "clearly understood":
- I. The necessity of vowel-points in reading the Hebrew language (pp. 6–46). Without vowels, he said, simple pronunciations so necessary in learning a language are impossible. He reproved as naïveté Levita's suggestion that the master could teach a child with a thrice-rehearsed effort (pp. 22–23). He gave several biblical examples as proving this necessity.
- II. The necessity for forming different Hebrew conjugations, moods, tenses, as well as dual and plural endings of nouns (pp. 47–57). That both Hebrew verbs, including the seven conjugations, the moods and tenses, and the Hebrew nouns, with singular, dual and plural endings, are based on vowel diagnostic indicators is, he claimed, without controversy. The tremendous complexity of the Hebrew language without vowels argues against any oral tradition preservation inscripturated through the recent invention of vowels. Whitfield argued: "Whoever will consider a great many instances of these differences, as they occur, will own, he must have been a person of very great sagacity, who could ever have observed them without the points" (p. 48).
- III. The necessity of vowel-points in distinguishing a great number of words with different significations which without vowel-points are the same (58-61). Whitfield gave many examples of the same consonants with different points constituting different words. The diacritical mark (dot) above the right tooth or the left tooth of the shin/sin letter makes a great difference in some words. He said that if he gave all the examples, he would need "to transcribe a good part of the Bible or lexicon" (p. 58).
- IV. The inconsistency of the lateness of vowel-points in light of the Jew's zeal for their language since the Babylonian captivity (62-65). The Jews were zealous for their language, Whitfield observed, and they would not have been careless to let the inscripturated vocalization disappear through careless or indifferent oral tradition from the time of the captivity onward. He cited several ancient authorities describing the Jews' fanaticism about protecting the minuteness of their Scripture.
- V. The various and inconsistent opinions of the advocates for the novelty of vowel-points concerning the authors, time, place, and circumstances of their institution (66-71). Whitfield argued that the advocates for the recent vowel system had a wide variety of suggestions. Concerning the authors, some maintained that the inventor[s] were the Tiberian Jews while others suggested that it was Rabbi Judah Hakkadosh (c. AD 230). Some said the points were invented after the Talmud (c. AD 200-500), by the Masoretes (AD 600), or in the 10th or the 11th century. For the place some had posited Tiberias whereas others had suggested the Asia Minor.
- VI. The total silence of the ancient writers, Jew and Christian, about their recent origin (72-88). Whitfield cited both early rabbins and Jerome as neglecting to refer to the late (post-Mosaic) origin of vowel-points.
- VII. The absolute necessity to ascertain Divine authority of the Scripture of the OT (89-119). Whitfield affirmed that Scripture is based on words, and words are based on consonants and vowels. If there are no vowels in the Hebrew OT originals, then there is no Divine authority of the Hebrew OT Scriptures, he argued, citing 2 Tim. 3:16. He then gave a vast listing of passages that change meaning when points are lost, and thereby undermining divine authority.
- VIII. The many anomalies or irregularities of punctuation in the Hebrew grammar (120-133). This objection by Whitfield to the novelty of vowel-points was the many exceptions to vowel-point rules, anomalies and irregularities that demand a codified system for their exceptions to emphasize a particular point of grammar and truth.
- IX. The importance of the Kethiv readings versus the Keri marginal renderings (134-221). The existence of Kethiv (Aramaic for "write") readings in the Hebrew text and Keri (Aramaic for "call") readings in the margin of Hebrew manuscripts showed, he said, that the rabbins were serious about preserving the original words, including the vowel-points, when a questionable word arose in a manuscript. The pre-Christian antiquity of the Keri readings in the margin demanded the pre-Masoretic antiquity of the vowel points.
- X. The answer to two material questions (222-282). Whitfield responded to two of three significant questions in this section: 1) why does the LXX and Jerome's version differ from the Hebrew text in corresponding vowels on proper names? 2) Why the silence of the Jewish writers on the pointing prior to the 6th century of Christianity? and 3) Why were unpointed copies used in the Jewish synagogues? Briefly, he responded to the first questions by stating that the differences in the translations and the Hebrew pointed texts cannot be attributed to the vowels, since he said that the translators obviously did use the pointed copies, and that the Jewish commentators, coeval with the Masoretes, did in fact refer to the points. The third question, answered later in his book, was responded to by saying that there is no historical proof that unpointed copies were used exclusively in the synagogues.[52][81]
The 1602 Spanish Bible (Reina-Valera/Cipriano de Valera) used the name Iehova and gave a lengthy defense of the pronunciationJehovah in its preface.[41]
In Thomas D. Ross' book, The Battle over the Hebrew Vowel Points, Examined Particularly As Waged in England, he presents the various points of view regarding the Hebrew Vowel-Points down to the 19th century. He states that the overwhelming majority of present-day Hebrew scholarship believes that the vowel points were added by the Masoretes, but notes that some sections of fundamentalism still hold that they were part of the original text.
Proponents of later origin
Despite Jehovist claims that vowel signs are necessary for reading and understanding Hebrew, modern Hebrew is written without vowel points.[82][82] The Torah scrolls do not include vowel points, and ancient Hebrew was written without vowel signs.[83][84]
The Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered in 1946 and dated from 400 BC to 70 AD,[85] include texts from the Torah or Pentateuch and from other parts of the Hebrew Bible,[86][87] and have provided documentary evidence that, in spite of claims to the contrary, the original Hebrew texts were in fact written without vowel points.[88][89] Menahem Mansoor's The Dead Sea Scrolls: A College Textbook and a Study Guide claims the vowel points found in printed Hebrew Bibles were devised in the 9th and 10th centuries.[90]
Gill's view that the Hebrew vowel points were in use at the time of Ezra or even since the origin of the Hebrew language is stated in an early 19th-century study in opposition to "the opinion of most learned men in modern times", according to whom the vowel points had been "invented since the time of Christ".[91] The study presented the following considerations:
- The argument that vowel points are necessary for learning to read Hebrew is refuted by the fact that the Samaritan text of the Bible is read without them and that several other Semitic languages, kindred to Hebrew, are written without any indications of the vowels.
- The books used in synagogue worship have always been without vowel points, which, unlike the letters, have thus never been treated as sacred.
- The Qere Kethib marginal notes give variant readings only of the letters, never of the points, an indication either that these were added later or that, if they already existed, they were seen as not so important.
- The Kabbalists drew their mysteries only from the letters and completely disregarded the points, if there were any.
- In several cases, ancient translations from the Hebrew Bible (Septuagint, Targum, Aquila of Sinope, Symmachus, Theodotion,Jerome) read the letters with vowels different from those indicated by the points, an indication that the texts from which they were translating were without points. The same holds for Origen's transliteration of the Hebrew text into Greek letters. Jerome expressly speaks of a word in Habakkuk 3:5, which in the present Masoretic Text has three consonant letters and two vowel points, as being of three letters and no vowel whatever.
- Neither the Jerusalem Talmud nor the Babylonian Talmud (in all their recounting of Rabbinical disputes about the meaning of words), nor Philo nor Josephus, nor any Christian writer for several centuries after Christ make any reference to vowel points.[92][93][94]
Early modern arguments
In the 16th and 17th centuries, various arguments were presented for and against the transcription of the form Jehovah.
Discourses rejecting Jehovah
| Author | Discourse | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| John Drusius(Johannes Van den Driesche) (1550-1616) | Tetragrammaton, sive de Nomine Die proprio, quod Tetragrammaton vocant (1604) | Drusius stated "Galatinus first led us to this mistake ... I know [of] nobody who read [it] thus earlier..").[2] An editor of Drusius in 1698 knows of an earlier reading in Porchetus de Salvaticis however.[clarification needed][3] John Drusius wrote that neither יְהֹוָה nor יֱהֹוִה accurately represented God's name.[95] |
| Sixtinus Amama(1593–1659)[96] | De nomine tetragrammato (1628)[4] | Sixtinus Amama, was a Professor of Hebrew in the University of Franeker. A pupil of Drusius. [5] |
| Louis Cappel (1585–1658) | De nomine tetragrammato (1624) | Lewis Cappel reached the conclusion that Hebrew vowel points were not part of the original Hebrew language. This view was strongly contested by John Buxtorff the elder and his son. |
| James Altingius(1618–1679) | Exercitatio grammatica de punctis ac pronunciatione tetragrammati | James Altingius was a learned German divine[clarification needed]. [6]| |
Discourses defending Jehovah
| Author | Discourse | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Nicholas Fuller(1557–1626) | Dissertatio de nomine יהוה | Nicholas was a Hebraist and a theologian. [7] |
| John Buxtorf (1564–1629) | Disserto de nomine JHVH (1620);Tiberias, sive Commentarius Masoreticus (1664) | John Buxtorf the elder [8] opposed the views of Elia Levita regarding the late origin (invention by the Masoretes) of the Hebrew vowel points, a subject which gave rise to the controversy between Louis Cappel and his (e.g. John Buxtorf the elder's) son, Johannes Buxtorf II the younger. |
| Johannes Buxtorf II(1599–1664) | Tractatus de punctorum origine, antiquitate, et authoritate, oppositus Arcano puntationis revelato Ludovici Cappelli (1648) | Continued his father's arguments that the pronunciation and therefore the Hebrew vowel points resulting in the name Jehovah have divine inspiration. |
| Thomas Gataker(1574–1654)[9] | De Nomine Tetragrammato Dissertaio (1645) [10] | See Memoirs of the Puritans Thomas Gataker. |
| John Leusden(1624–1699) | Dissertationes tres, de vera lectione nominis Jehova | John Leusden wrote three discourses in defense of the name Jehovah.[11] |
Summary of discourses
In A Dictionary of the Bible (1863), William Robertson Smith summarized these discourses, concluding that "whatever, therefore, be the true pronunciation of the word, there can be little doubt that it is not Jehovah".[97] Despite this, he consistently uses the name Jehovahthroughout his dictionary and when translating Hebrew names. Some examples include Isaiah [Jehovah's help or salvation], Jehoshua[Jehovah a helper], Jehu [Jehovah is He]. In the entry, Jehovah, Smith writes: "JEHOVAH (יְהֹוָה, usually with the vowel points of אֲדֹנָי; but when the two occur together, the former is pointed יֱהֹוִה, that is with the vowels of אֱלֹהִים, as in Obad. i. 1, Hab. iii. 19:"[98] This practice is also observed in many modern publications, such as the New Compact Bible Dictionary (Special Crusade Edition) of 1967 and Peloubet's Bible Dictionary of 1947.
Usage in English Bible translations
The following versions of the Bible render the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah either exclusively or in selected verses:
- William Tyndale, in his 1530 translation of the first five books of the English Bible, at Exodus 6:3 renders the divine name asIehovah. In his foreword to this edition he wrote: "Iehovah is God's name... Moreover, as oft as thou seeist LORD in great letters (except there be any error in the printing) it is in Hebrew Iehovah."
- The Great Bible (1539) renders Jehovah in Psalm 33:12 and Psalm 83:18.
- The Geneva Bible (1560) translates the Tetragrammaton as JEHOVAH, in all capitals, in Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Jeremiah 16:21, and Jeremiah 32:18.
- In the Bishop's Bible (1568), the word Jehovah occurs in Exodus 6:3 and Psalm 83:18.
- The Authorized King James Version (1611) renders Jehovah, four times (in all capitals) in Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Isaiah 12:2, Isaiah 26:4, and three times in compound place names at Genesis 22:14, Exodus 17:15 and Judges 6:24.
- Webster's Bible Translation (1833) by Noah Webster, a revision of the King James Bible, contains the form Jehovah in all cases where it appears in the original King James Version, as well as another seven times in Isaiah 51:21, Jeremiah 16:21; 23:6; 32:18; 33:16, Amos 5:8, and Micah 4:13.
- Young's Literal Translation by Robert Young (1862, 1898) renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6,831 times.
- In the Emphatic Diaglott (1864) a translation of the New Testament by Benjamin Wilson, the name Jehovah appears eighteen times.
- The English Revised Version (1885) renders the Tetragrammaton as JEHOVAH, in all capitals, where it appears in the King James Version, and another eight times in Exodus 6:2,6–8, Psalm 68:20, Isaiah 49:14, Jeremiah 16:21, and Habakkuk 3:19.
- The Darby Bible (1890) by John Nelson Darby renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6,810 times.
- The Five Pauline Epistles, A New Translation (1900) by William Gunion Rutherford uses the name Jehovah six times in the Book of Romans.
- The American Standard Version (1901) renders the Tetragrammaton as Je-ho’vah in 6,823 places in the Old Testament.
- The Modern Reader's Bible (1914) by Richard Moulton uses Jehovah in Exodus 6:2–9, Exodus 22:14, Psalm 68:4, Psalm 83:18, Isaiah 12:2, Isaiah 26:4 and Jeremiah 16:20.
- The Holy Scriptures (1936, 1951), Hebrew Publishing Company, revised by Alexander Harkavy, a Hebrew Bible translation in English, contains the form Jehovah in Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, and Isaiah 12:2.
- The New English Bible (1970) published by Oxford University Press uses JEHOVAH in Exodus 3:15 and 6:3, and in four place names at Genesis 22:14, Exodus 17:15, Judges 6:24 and Ezekiel 48:35.[99]
- The Living Bible (1971) by Kenneth N. Taylor, published by Tyndale House Publishers, Illinois, uses Jehovah extensively, as in the 1901 American Standard Version, on which it is based.
- In the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (1961, 1984) published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, Jehovahappears 7,210 times, comprising 6,973 instances in the Old Testament, and 237 times in the New Testament—including 70 of the 78 times where the New Testament quotes an Old Testament passage containing the Tetragrammaton,[100] where the Tetragrammaton does not appear in any extant Greek manuscript.
- The Bible in Living English (1972) by Steven T. Byington, published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, renders the wordJehovah throughout the Old Testament over 6,800 times.
- Green's Literal Translation (1985) by Jay P. Green, Sr., renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6,866 times.
- The American King James Version (1999) by Michael Engelbrite renders Jehovah in all the places where it appears in the original King James Version.
- The Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English (2010) by David Bauscher, a self-published English translation of the New Testament, from the Aramaic of The Peshitta New Testament with a translation of the ancient Aramaic Peshitta version of Psalms & Proverbs, contains the word "JEHOVAH" in tall caps, in the New Testament, over 200 times - even though the Peshitta itself does not.
Non-usage
The Douay Version of 1609 renders the phrase in Exodus 6:3 as "and my name Adonai", and in its footnote says: "Adonai is not the name here vttered to Moyses but is redde in place of the vnknowen name".[101] The Challoner revision (1750) uses ADONAI with a note stating, "some moderns have framed the name Jehovah, unknown to all the ancients, whether Jews or Christians."[102]
Most modern translations exclusively use Lord or LORD, generally indicating that the corresponding Hebrew is Yahweh or YHWH (notJHVH), and in some cases saying that this name is "traditionally" transliterated as Jehovah:
- The Revised Standard Version (1952), an authorized revision of the American Standard Version of 1901, replaced all 6,823 usages ofJehovah in the 1901 text with "LORD" or "GOD", depending on whether the Hebrew of the verse in question is read "Adonai" or "Elohim" in Jewish practice. A footnote on Exodus 3:15 says: "The word LORD when spelled with capital letters, stands for the divine name, YHWH." The preface states: "The word 'Jehovah' does not accurately represent any form of the name ever used in Hebrew".[103]
- The New American Bible (1970, revised 1986, 1991). Its footnote to Genesis 4:25-26 says: "... men began to call God by his personal name, Yahweh, rendered as "the LORD" in this version of the Bible."[104]
- The New American Standard Bible (1971, updated 1995), another revision of the 1901 American Standard Version, followed the example of the Revised Standard Version. Its footnotes to Exodus 3:14 and 6:3 state: "Related to the name of God, YHWH, rendered LORD, which is derived from the verb HAYAH, to be"; "Heb YHWH, usually rendered LORD". In its preface it says: "It is known that for many years YHWH has been transliterated as Yahweh, however no complete certainty attaches to this pronunciation."[105]
- The Bible in Today's English (Good News Bible), published by the American Bible Society (1976). Its preface states: "the distinctive Hebrew name for God (usually transliterated Jehovah or Yahweh) is in this translation represented by 'The Lord'." A footnote toExodus 3:14 states: "I am sounds like the Hebrew name Yahweh traditionally transliterated as Jehovah."
- The New International Version (1978, revised 2011). Footnote to Exodus 3:15, "The Hebrew for LORD sounds like and may be related to the Hebrew for I AM in verse 14."
- The New King James Version (1982), though based on the King James Version, replaces JEHOVAH in Exodus 6:3 with "LORD", and adds a note: "Hebrew YHWH, traditionally Jehovah."
- The God's Word Translation (1985).
- The New Century Version (1987, revised 1991).
- The New International Reader's Version (1995).
- The English Standard Version (2001). Footnote to Exodus 3:15, "The word LORD, when spelled with capital letters, stands for the divine name, YHWH, which is here connected with the verb hayah, 'to be'."
Some translations use both Yahweh and LORD:
- The Amplified Bible (1965, revised 1987) generally uses Lord, but translates Exodus 6:3 as: "I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as God Almighty [El-Shaddai], but by My name the Lord [Yahweh—the redemptive name of God] I did not make Myself known to them [in acts and great miracles]."
- The New Living Translation (1996), produced by Tyndale House Publishers as a successor to the Living Bible, generally uses LORD, but uses Yahweh in Exodus 3:15 and 6:3.
- The Holman Christian Standard Bible (2004, revised 2008) mainly uses LORD, but in its second edition increased the number of times it uses Yahweh from 78 to 495 (in 451 verses).[106]
Some translate the Tetragrammaton exclusively as Yahweh:
- The Jerusalem Bible (1966).
- The New Jerusalem Bible (1985).
- The World English Bible (1997) is based on the 1901 American Standard Version, but uses "Yahweh" instead of "Jehovah".[107]
Other usage of "Jehovah"
Following the Middle Ages, some churches and public buildings across Europe, both before and after the Protestant Reformation were decorated with the name, Jehovah. For example, the Coat of Arms of Plymouth (UK) City Council bears the Latin inscription, "Turris fortissima est nomen Jehova"[108] (English, "The name of Jehovah is the strongest tower"), derived fromProverbs 18:10.
Jehovah has been a popular English word for the personal name of God for several centuries. Christian hymns[109] feature the name. The form "Jehovah" also appears several times in the novel "The Greatest Story Ever Told" by Roman Catholic author Fulton Oursler.[110] Some religious groups, notably Jehovah's Witnesses[111][112] and the King-James-Only movement, make prominent use of the name.
Greek and Latin sources
Under the heading "יהוה c. 6823", the editors of the Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon write thatיְהֹוָה occurs 6,518 times in the Masoretic Text and that it is read as "Adonai" or "Elohim".[2]
Greek transcriptions similar to "Jehovah"
Ancient
- Ιουω (Iouō, [juɔ]): Pistis Sophia cited by Charles William King, which also gives Ιαω (Iaō,[jaɔ] but more frequently [113] (2nd century)
- Ιεου (Ieou, [jeu]): Pistis Sophia[113] (2nd century)
- ΙΕΗΩΟΥΑ (i-e-ē-ō-o-ü-a, [ieɛɔoya]), the seven vowels of the Greek alphabet arranged in this order, was, so reports Charles William King, who cites a work On Interpretation that seems not to be that of Aristotle (which does not speak of Egyptians), the Egyptian name of the supreme God. King comments: "This is in fact a very correct representation, if we give each vowel its true Greek sound, of the Hebrew pronunciation of the word Jehovah."[114] (2nd century)
- Ιευώ (Ievō): Eusebius, who says that Sanchuniathon received the records of the Jews from Hierombalus, priest of the god Ieuo.[115] (c. 315)
- Ιεωά (Ieōa): Hellenistic magical text[116] (2nd-3rd centuries), M. Kyriakakes[117] (2000)
Modern
- Ἰεχοβά (like Jehova[h]): Paolo Medici[118] (1755)
- Ἰεοβά (like Je[h]ova[h]): Greek Pentateuch[119] (1833), Holy Bible translated inKatharevousa Greek by Neophytus Vamvas[120] (1850)
- Ἰεχωβά (like Jehova[h]): Panagiotes Trempelas[121] (1958)
Latin and English transcriptions similar to "Jehovah"
Transcriptions of יְהֹוָה similar to Jehovah occurred as early as the 12th century.
- Ieve: Petrus Alphonsi[123] (c. 1106), Alexander Geddes[124] (1800)
- Jehova: Raymond Martin (Raymundus Martini)[125] (1278), Porchetus de Salvaticis[126](1303), Tremellius (1575), Marcus Marinus (1593), Charles IX of Sweden[127] (1606),Rosenmüller[128] (1820), Wilhelm Gesenius (c. 1830)[129]
- Yohoua: Raymond Martin[125] (1278)
- Yohouah: Porchetus de Salvaticis[126] (1303)
- Ieoa: Nicholas of Cusa (1428)
- Iehoua: Nicholas of Cusa (1428), Peter Galatin (Galatinus)[130] (1516)
- Iehova: Nicholas of Cusa (1428), Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples (1514), Sebastian Münster(1526), Leo Jud (1543), Robert Estienne (1557)
- Ihehoua: Nicholas of Cusa (1428)
- Jova: 16th century,[131] Rosenmüller[128] (1820)
- Jehovah: Paul Fagius (1546), John Calvin (1557), King James Bible (1671 [OT] / 1669 [NT]), Matthew Poole[132] (1676), Benjamin Kennicott[133] (1753), Alexander Geddes[124](1800)
- Iehouáh: Geneva Bible (1560)
- Iehovah: Authorized King James Version (1611), Henry Ainsworth (1627)
- Jovae: Rosenmüller[128] (1820)
- Yehovah: William Baillie[134] (1843)
 | Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jehovah |
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jehovah & Tetragrammaton |
See also
- Allah
- Ea
- El
- Enlil
- God in Christianity, God in Islam, God in Judaism, God in Mormonism, God in the Bahá'í Faith
- God the Father
- Gott
- I am that I am
- Jah
- Names of God
- Names of God in Judaism
- Theophoric names:
- Yam (Ya'a, Yaw)
Notes
- ^ Preface to the New American Standard Bible
- ^ a b Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon
- ^ Pugio fidei by Raymund Martin, written in about 1270
- ^ a b c d "Although most scholars believe "Jehovah" to be a late (ca. 1100 CE) hybrid form derived by combining the Latin lettersJHVH with the vowels of Adonai (the traditionally pronounced version of יהוה), many magical texts in Semitic and Greek establish an early pronunciation of the divine name as bothYehovah and Yahweh" (Roy Kotansky, Jeffrey Spier, "The 'Horned Hunter' on a Lost Gnostic Gem", The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 88, No. 3 (Jul., 1995), p. 318.)
- ^ a b "This [Yehowah] is the correct pronunciation of the tetragramaton, as is clear from the pronunciation of proper names in the First Testament (FT), poetry, fifth-century Aramaic documents, Greek translations of the name in the Dead Sea Scrolls and church fathers." (George Wesley Buchanan, "The Tower of Siloam", The Expository Times 2003; 115: 37; pp. 40, 41)
- ^ Source: The Divine Name in Norway,
- ^ Jarl Fossum and Brian Glazer in their article Seth in the Magical Texts (Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphie 100 (1994), p. 86-92, reproduced here, give the name "Yahweh" as the source of a number of names found in pagan magical texts: Ἰάβας (p. 88), Iaō (described as "a Greek form of the name of the Biblical God, Yahweh", on p. 89), Iaba, Iaē, Iaēo, Iaō, Iaēō (p. 89). On page 92, they call "Iaō" "the divine name".
- ^ Greek Magical Papyri Texts, The "Mithras" Liturgy, Marvin W. Meyer. In the introduction he says that the magical formula "IAO" seems derived from or imitative of the Semitic word "Yahweh". The same explanation of the word "Iao" in pagan magical texts is given by Franz Cumont (quoted in The Hidden History of Western Civilization, David Livingstone, p. 178 andThe Names of God, Their Pronunciation and Their Translation, Kristin De Troyer, states that "IAO can be seen as a transliteration of YAHU, the three-letter form of the Name of God" (p. 6).
- ^ Hermetic Magic: The Postmodern Magical Papyrus of Abaris, Stephen Flowers (1995), p. 95
- ^ Eerdman's Dictionary of the Bible (2000), p. 1402
- ^ a b c d e Nehemia Gordon, The Pronunciation of the Name
- ^ Scott Jones - יהוה Jehovah יהוה
- ^ Carl D. Franklin - Debunking the Myths of Sacred Namers יהוה - Christian Biblical Church of God - December 9, 1997 - Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ George Wesley Buchanan, "How God's Name Was Pronounced," BAR 21.2 (March -April 1995), 31-32
- ^ "יְהֹוָה Jehovah, pr[oper] name of the supreme God amongst the Hebrews. The later Hebrews, for some centuries before the time of Christ, either misled by a false interpretation of certain laws (Ex. 20:7; Lev. 24:11), or else following some old superstition, regarded this name as so very holy, that it might not even be pronounced (see Philo, Vit. Mosis t.iii. p.519, 529). Whenever, therefore, this nomen tetragrammaton occurred in the sacred text, they were accustomed to substitute for it אֲדֹנָי, and thus the vowels of the noun אֲדֹנָי are in the Masoretic text placed under the four letters יהוה, but with this difference, that the initial Yod receives a simple and not a compound Sh’va (יְהֹוָה [Yehovah], not (יֲהֹוָה [Yahovah]); prefixes, however, receive the same points as if they were followed by אֲדֹנָי [...] This custom was already in vogue in the days of the LXX. translators; and thus it is that they every where translated יְהֹוָהby ὁ Κύριος (אֲדֹנָי)." (H. W. F. Gesenius, Gesenius's Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1979[1847]), p. 337)
- ^ For example, Deuteronomy 3:24, Deuteronomy 9:26(second instance), Judges 16:28 (second instance), Genesis 15:2
- ^ R. Laird Harris, "The Pronunciation of the Tetragram," in John H. Skilton (ed.), The Law and the Prophets: Old Testament Studies Prepared in Honor of Oswald Thompson Allis(Presbyterian and Reformed, 1974), 224.
- ^ a b Jewish Encyclopedia: article YHWH
- ^ The Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome renders the name as Adonaiat Exodus 6:3 rather than as Dominus.
- ^ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: article Jehovah (Yahweh)
- ^ In the 7th paragraph of Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible, Sir Godfrey Driver wrote of the combination of the vowels of Adonai and Elohim with the consonants of the divine name, that it "did not become effective until Yehova or Jehova or Johova appeared in two Latin works dated in A.D. 1278 and A.D. 1303; the shortened Jova (declined like a Latin noun) came into use in the sixteenth century. The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as Iehouahin 1530 A.D., in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles."
- ^ At Gen.22:14; Ex.6:3; 17:15; Jg.6:24; Ps.83:18, Is.12:2; 26:4.Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Iowa Falls: Word, 1994), 722.
- ^ According to the preface, this was because the translators felt that the "Jewish superstition, which regarded the Divine Name as too sacred to be uttered, ought no longer to dominate in the English or any other version of the Old Testament".
- ^ The original hymn, without "Jehovah", was composed in Welsh in 1745; the English translation, with "Jehovah", was composed in 1771 (Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah).
- ^ a b c Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906
- ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: article Jehovah
- ^ Only three copies of his Five Books of Moses survive, and the best copy is kept at the British Museum.
- ^ Westcott, in his survey of the English Bible, wrote that Tyndale "felt by a happy instinct the potential affinity between Hebrew and English idioms, and enriched our language and thought for ever with the characteristics of the Semitic mind." See Dahlia M. Karpman's, "Tyndale's Response to the Hebraic Tradition" (Studies in the Renaissance, Vol. 14 (1967)), pp. 113, 118, 119.
- ^ The first English-language book to make a clear distinction between I and J was published in 1634. (The Cambridge History of the English Language, Richard M. Hogg, (Cambridge University Press 1992 ISBN=0-521-26476-6, p. 39). It was also only by the mid-1500s that V was used to represent the consonant and U the vowel sound, while capital U was not accepted as a distinct letter until many years later (Letter by Letter: An Alphabetical Miscellany, Laurent Pflughaupt, (Princeton Architectural Press ISBN 978-1-56898-737-8) pp. 123–124).
- ^ William Tyndale, Doctrinal Treatises, ed. Rev. Henry Walter (Cambridge, 1848), p. 408.
- ^
"Jehovah (Yahweh)". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. - ^ In the 7th paragraph of Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible, Sir Godfry Driver wrote, "The early translators generally substituted 'Lord' for [YHWH]. [...] The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as Iehouahin 1530 A.D., in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles."
- ^ Exodus 6:3-5 RSV
- ^ Duane A. Garrett, A Modern Grammar for Classical Hebrew (Broadman & Holman 2002 ISBN 0-8054-2159-9), p. 13
- ^ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition), p. 38
- ^ Jewish Encyclopedia, article Punctuation
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, article Hebrew
- ^ Godwin's Cabalistic Encyclopedia, Third Edition (Llewellyn 1994), p. xviii
- ^ Thomas M. Strouse, Scholarly Myths Perpetuated on Rejecting the Masoretic Text of the Old Testament. The writer mentions in particular Christo H. J. Van der Merwe, Jackie A. Naude and Jan H. Kroeze, A Biblical Reference Grammar (Sheffield, England:Sheffield Academic Press, 2002), and Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew Grammar (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publ. House, 2001)
- ^ http://www.sacklunch.net/Latin/A/aborigine.html
- ^ a b c d e (In Awe of Thy Word, G.A. Riplinger-Chapter 11, page 416)Online
- ^ Tiberias, sive Commentarius Masoreticus (1620; quarto edition, improved and enlarged by J. Buxtorf the younger, 1665)
- ^ Tractatus de punctorum origine, antiquitate, et authoritate, oppositus Arcano puntationis revelato Ludovici Cappelli (1648)
- ^ Biblical Theology (Morgan, PA: Soli Deo Gloria Publications, 1996 reprint of the 1661 edition), pp. 495-533
- ^ a b A Dissertation on the Hebrew Vowel-Points PDF, (Liverpoole: Peter Whitfield, 1748)
- ^ a b A Dissertation on the Hebrew Vowel-Points, (Liverpoole: Peter Whitfield, 1748)
- ^ A Dissertation concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language, LETTERS, VOWEL POINTS, and ACCENTS (London: n. p., 1767)
- ^ An Essay on the Antiquity and Utility of the Hebrew Vowel-Points (Glasgow: John Reid & Co., 1833)
- ^ The Battle Over The Hebrew Vowel Points, Examined Particularly As Waged in England, by Thomas D. Ross
- ^ (In Awe of Thy Word, G.A. Riplinger-Chapter 11, page 413-435)Online
- ^ a b http://av1611.com/kjbp/ridiculous-kjv-bible-corrections/Yahweh-Jehova-YHVH.html
- ^ a b http://www.emmanuel-newington.org/seminary/resources/Whitfield.pdf
- ^ Nehemia Gordon, The Pronunciation of the Name,pp. 1-2
- ^ Nehemia Gordon, The Pronunciation of the Name,p. 8
- ^ Nehemia Gordon, The Pronunciation of the Name,p. 11
- ^ Gill 1778
- ^ Gill 1778, pp. 499–560
- ^ Gill 1778, pp. 549–560
- ^ a b c Gill 1778, pp. 538–542
- ^ In Awe of Thy Word, G.A. Riplinger-Chapter 11, pp. 422–435
- ^ Gill 1778, p. 540
- ^ Gill 1778, pp. 548–560
- ^ Gill 1778, p. 462
- ^ Gill 1778, pp. 461–462
- ^ Gill 1778, p. 501
- ^ Gill 1778, pp. 512–516
- ^ Gill 1778, p. 522
- ^ a b Gill 1778, p. 531
- ^ Gill 1778, pp. 535–536
- ^ Gill 1778, pp. 536–537
- ^ Gill 1778, p. 544
- ^ Gill 1778, p. 499
- ^ One of the definitions of "tittle" in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary is "a point or small sign used as a diacritical mark in writing or printing".
- ^ pg. 110, Of the Integrity and Purity of the Hebrew and Greek Text of the Scripture; with Considerations on the Prolegomena and Appendix to the Late “Biblia Polyglotta,” in vol. IX, The Works of John Owen, ed. Gould, William H, & Quick, Charles W., Philadelphia, PA: Leighton Publications, 1865)
- ^ For the meanings of the word κεραία in the original texts ofMatthew 5:18 and Luke 16:17 see Liddell and Scott and for a more modern scholarly view of its meaning in that context see Strong's Greek Dictionary.
- ^ http://1828.mshaffer.com/d/search/word,tittle
- ^ The Battle Over The Hebrew Vowel Points, Examined Particularly As Waged in England, by Thomas D. Ross, pp. 13-14
- ^ Gill 1778, p. 435
- ^ The Battle Over The Hebrew Vowel Points, Examined Particularly As Waged in England, Thomas D. Ross, pp. 16-17
- ^ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Languages
- ^ Liverpoole: Peter Whitfield, 1748), 288 pp., Whitfield's critical texts
- ^ a b Jewish Virtual Library: Vowels and Points
- ^ At Home with Hebrew
- ^ Page H. Kenney, Biblical Hebrew: an introductory grammar 1992
- ^ Old Testament Manuscripts
- ^ James C. VanderKam, The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, p. 30
- ^ The Dead Sea Scrolls Biblical Manuscripts
- ^ The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Graphological Investigation
- ^ William P. Griffin, Killing a Dead Language: A Case against Emphasizing Vowel Pointing when Teaching Biblical Hebrew
- ^ The Dead Sea Scrolls: A College Textbook and a Study Guide, pp. 75-76
- ^ Godfrey Higgins, On the Vowel Points of the Hebrew Language, in The Classical Journal for March and June 1826, p. 145
- ^ Higgins, pp. 146-149
- ^ Augustin Calmet, Dictionary of the Bible, pp. 618-619
- ^ B. Pick, The Vowel-Points Controversy in the XVI. and XVII. Centuries
- ^ See Gérard Gertoux, The name of God Y.EH.OW.AH which is pronounced as it is written I_EH_OU_AH, pp. 209, 210.
- ^ See page 8
- ^ Smith commented, "In the decade of dissertations collected by Reland, Fuller, Gataker, and Leusden do battle for the pronunciation Jehovah, against such formidable antagonists as Drusius, Amama, Cappellus, Buxtorf, and Altingius, who, it is scarcely necessary to say, fairly beat their opponents out of the field; "the only argument of any weight, which is employed by the advocates of the pronunciation of the word as it is written being that derived from the form in which it appears in proper names, such as Jehoshaphat, Jehoram, &c. [...] Their antagonists make a strong point of the fact that, as has been noticed above, two different sets of vowel points are applied to the same consonants under certain circumstances. To this Leusden, of all the champions on his side, but feebly replies. [...] The same may be said of the argument derived from the fact that the letters מוכלב, when prefixed to יהוה, take, not the vowels which they would regularly receive were the present pronunciation true, but those with which they would be written if אֲדֹנָי, adonai, were the reading; and that the letters ordinarily taking dagesh lene when following יהוה would, according to the rules of the Hebrew points, be written without dagesh, whereas it is uniformly inserted."
- ^ Image of it.
- ^ Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible
- ^ Of the 78 passages where the New Testament, using Κύριος (Lord) for the Tetragrammaton of the Hebrew text, quotes an Old Testament passage, the New World Translation puts "Jehovah" for Κύριος in 70 instances, "God" for Κύριος in 5 (Rom 11:2, 8; Gal 1:15; Heb 9:20; 1 Pet 4:14), and "Lord" for Κύριος in 3 (2 Thes 1:9; 1 Pet 2:3, 3:15) – Jason BeDuhn, Truth in Translation(University Press of America 2003 ISBN 0-7618-2556-8), pp. 174-175
- ^ Rheims Douai, 1582-1610: a machine-readable transcript
- ^ Douay-Rheims Bible
- ^ Preface to the Revised Standard Version
- ^ New American Bible, Genesis, Chapter 4
- ^ Foreword and Preface to the New American Standard Bible
- ^ John W. Gillis, The HCSB 2nd Edition and the Tetragrammaton
- ^ How does the WEB compare to other translations?
- ^ See CivicHeraldry.co.uk -Plymouth and here. Also, Civic Heraldry of the United Kingdom)
- ^ e.g. "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah" (1771)
- ^ Full text of "The Greatest Story Ever Told A Tale Of The Greatest Life Ever Lived" - Internet Archive - Retrieved 2 September 2011.
- ^ Awake!, December 2007, p. 20, "How God’s Name Has Been Made Known", "The commonly used form of God’s name in English is Jehovah, translated from the Hebrew [Tetragrammaton], which appears some 7,000 times in the Bible."
- ^ The Divine Name That Will Endure Forever, p. 7: "Nobody knows for sure how the name of God was originally pronounced. Nevertheless, many prefer the pronunciation Jehovah. Why? Because it has a currency and familiarity that Yahweh does not have."
- ^ a b Charles William King, The Gnostics and their remains: Ancient and Mediaeval (1887), p. 285
- ^ Charles William King, The Gnostics and their remains: Ancient and Mediaeval (1887), pp. 199-200.
- ^ Praeparatio evangelica 10.9.
- ^ The Grecised Hebrew text "εληιε Ιεωα ρουβα" is interpreted as meaning "my God Ieoa is mightier". ("La prononciation 'Jehova' du tétragramme", O.T.S. vol. 5, 1948, pp. 57, 58. [Greek papyrus CXXI 1.528-540 (3d cent.), Library of the British Museum]
- ^ Article in the Aster magazine (January 2000), the official periodical of the Greek Evangelical Church.
- ^ Greek translation by Ioannes Stanos.
- ^ Published by the British and Foreign Bible Society.
- ^ Exodus 6:3, etc.
- ^ Dogmatike tes Orthodoxou Katholikes Ekklesias (Dogmatics of the Orthodox Catholic Church), 3d ed., 1997 (c 1958), Vol. 1, p. 229.
- ^ Raymond Martin's Pugio Fidei maintained that the Hebrew vowel points, such as those attached to the Tetragrammaton, were not added to the Hebrew Bible until the tenth century (Thomas D. Ross, The Battle over the Hebrew Vowel Points Examined Particularly as Waged in England, p. 5).
- ^ Dahlia M. Karpman, "Tyndale's Response to the Hebraic Tradition" (Studies in the Renaissance, Vol. 14 (1967)), p. 121.
- ^ a b See comments at Exodus 6:2, 3 in his Critical Remarks on the Hebrew Scriptures (1800). Also, Rev. Richard Barrett's A Synopsis of Criticisms upon Passages of the Old Testament(1847) p. 219.
- ^ a b At his work Pugio Fidei, in which he argued that the vowel points were added to the Hebrew text only in the tenth century (Thomas D. Ross, The Battle over the Hebrew Vowel Points Examined Particularly as Waged in England, p. 5). At page 152 of Gérard Gertoux's book The name of God Y.eH.oW.aH which is pronounced as it is written I_EH_OU_AH is a photo of abilingual Latin (or Spanish) text and Hebrew text [side by side] written by Raymond Martin in 1278, with in its last sentence "יְהוָֹה" opposite "Yohoua".
- ^ a b At his book Victory Against the Ungodly Hebrews. Gérard Gertoux, The name of God Y.eH.oW.aH, p. 153. See also [1]; George Moore, Notes on the Name YHWH (The American Journal of Theology, Vol. 12, No. 1. (Jan., 1908), pp. 34-52.
- ^ Charles IX of Sweden instituted the Royal Order of Jehova in 1606.
- ^ a b c Scholia in Vetus Testamentum, vol. 3, part 3, pp. 8, 9, etc.
- ^ For example, Gesenius rendered Proverbs 8:22 in Latin as: "Jehova creavit me ab initio creationis". (Samuel Lee, A lexicon, Hebrew, Chaldee, and English (1840) p. 143)
- ^ "Non enim h quatuor liter [yhwh] si, ut punctat sunt, legantur, Ioua reddunt: sed (ut ipse optime nosti) Iehoua efficiunt." (De Arcanis Catholicæ Veritatis (1518), folio xliii. See Oxford English Dictionary Online, 1989/2008, Oxford University Press, "Jehovah"). Peter Galatin was Pope Leo X's confessor.
- ^ Sir Godfrey Driver, Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible.
- ^ See Poole's comments at Exodus 6:2, 3 in his Synopsis criticorum biblicorum.
- ^ The State of the printed Hebrew Text of the Old Testament considered: A Dissertation in two parts (1753), pp. 158, 159)
- ^ The First Twelve Psalms in Hebrew, p. 22.
References
- Gill, John (1778). "A Dissertation Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowel-Points, and Accents". A collection of sermons and tracts ...: To which are prefixed, memoirs of the life, writing, and character of the author. 3. G. Keith.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906.
External links
- "Tetragrammaton". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Jehovah". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Jehovah". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
- "Jehovah (Yahweh)", Catholic Encyclopedia 1910
- "Jehovah", Jewish Encyclopedia 1906
- "Tetragrammaton", Jewish Encyclopedia 1906
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Is Jehovah In The Bible
Is the word "Jehovah" used anywhere in the Bible?
Join Our Free Singles and Take The Bible History Quiz  ---Nan on 11/27/06 Helpful Blog Vote (21) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 
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Who Is Jehovah? Who Is Jesus?
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God (John 1:1).Copyright © 1996 by Phillip R. Johnson. All rights reserved.
ehovah's Witnesses are well-known for their denial of the deity of Christ. According to their theology, Jesus was an incarnation of the supreme archangel, not God in human flesh.The historical name for this teaching is Arianism. Arius was a fourth-century heretic whose doctrine was opposed by Athanasius and condemned at the council of Nicea in 325. Arius's doctrine of the Incarnation was virtually identical to that of modern-day Jehovah's Witnesses. Arius even used many of the same arguments JWs employ today. Athanasius brilliantly responded to Arius and exposed his distortions of Scripture. Athanasius's work entitled On the Incarnation stands as an effective reply to the Jehovah's witnesses.But for the moment let's ignore the writings of Athanasius, the documents of the Nicene Council, and every other historical and theological source except Scripture itself. Is it possible to demonstrate conclusively from the Bible alone that Jesus Christ is set forth in Scripture as God? I believe it is. And I am convinced that those who reject Christ's deity must therefore also reject the plain meaning of the Word of God.At least eight lines of argument combine to make the biblical case for the deity of Christ:1. The Old Testament predicted a divine Savior
We need only sample a few key passages to make the point:Psalm 2 is a Messianic Psalm and was recognized as such by Jewish scholars centuries before Christ. In Acts 13:33, Paul affirms that this psalm has a Messianic meaning. The psalm closes with these verses, "Worship [Jehovah] with reverence, And rejoice with trembling. Do homage to the Son, lest He become angry, and you perish in the way, For His wrath may soon be kindled. How blessed are all who take refuge in Him!" (vv. 11- 12).There the phrases "Worship [Jehovah] with reverence" and "Do homage to the Son" are parallel. And as is typical in Hebrew poetic parallelism, this means the two phrases are logical equivalents. Worship [Jehovah]" means "do homage to the Son." Moreover, this psalm presents the Son as Someone in whom believers can take refuge—a Savior who is God's own Son, identical in character and rank with God the Father.Psalm 110 is identified as a Messianic Psalm by the writer of Hebrews (Heb. 5:6; 7:17). Here David calls Him Lord: "The LORD says to my Lord: "Sit at My right hand, Until I make Thine enemies a footstool for Thy feet" (v.1). Jesus Himself quoted this verse in Matthew 22:43-45 to demonstrate that He existed before David and was superior to any earthly king.
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